6. Ethical Conduct: Maintain the highest standards of integrity and professionalism. Ensure that compliance decisions are based on objective evidence and not influenced by external pressures or biases.
7. Documentation Excellence: Maintain accurate and comprehensive documentation, including test reports, compliance certificates, and technical files. Well‑organized documentation is crucial for audits and regulatory submissions.
8. Continuous Improvement: Embrace a mindset of continuous improvement. Regularly review and assess compliance processes, identify areas for optimization, and implement enhancements to streamline workflows and boost efficiency.
9. Professional Network: Build a strong network of compliance professionals, industry experts, and regulatory bodies. Engage in knowledge sharing, seek mentorship opportunities, and contribute to advancing the compliance engineering field.
10. Adaptability: Be prepared to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of regulations, technologies, and market demands. Embrace change as an opportunity to learn, grow, and innovate in your compliance engineering role.

Lorie Nichols
Editor-in-Chief & Publisher

According to a Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture issued by the Commission, Steve Kramer was responsible for generating thousands of illegal prerecorded voice robocalls…

he modern world as we know it is ruled by technology. Every aspect of life today is encompassed by some sort of microprocessor-based electronic device intended to simplify tasks, reduce processing times, increase efficiency, and improve accuracy. Electronics are used to communicate with loved ones, manage finances, fly aircraft, autonomously drive us to work, and even save lives. As we achieve further advances in technology, electronics will continue to lead the way in adapting these technologies into new critical systems and processes.

The benefits that electronics have provided us are undeniable. However, there is a significant drawback as the implementation of sensitive electronic circuitry continues to increase our vulnerability to the effects of electromagnetic threats such as an EMP attack. An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is defined as a high amplitude, short duration, broadband pulse of electromagnetic energy that can have devastating effects on unprotected electronic equipment and systems. EMPs are historically known as the electromagnetic effects following a nuclear blast occurring at high altitudes.

exico’s regulatory compliance process is challenging and changes regularly. Companies who export their products to Mexico can face difficulties because most products entering the country must prove compliance with different Official Mexican Standards (Norma Oficial Mexicana) (NOM) mark/certification requirements to pass customs. All NOM requirements are defined and issued by the Secretary of Economy (Secretaría de Economia) and published in the country’s Official Gazette of the Federation (Diario Oficial¹) and may apply to products ranging from food such as chocolate to electronics.

The local laws and product regulations are set up to provide assurance that the products and services are 1) of good quality and 2) fit for consumer needs.

Proving compliance with NOMs and other regulations applicable to Electronics and Electrical Equipment is more rigorous than other products and involves several processes and players, as described below. Once a product is found to be compliant with the applicable NOM requirements, a Certificate of Conformity (CoC) is issued in the name of a Mexican company, and the product can be marked with the NOM Mark, as shown in Figure 1. Most Certification Bodies (CBs) in Mexico require a modified version of this mark that includes their logo.

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ecause the regulations for radio devices in vehicles are different from the normal Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or European Commission (EC) marking requirements, designers and manufacturers of vehicle wireless devices often struggle to understand what requirements apply to their product and how to ensure compliance. This article gives an overview of common regulatory markings for vehicles and how safety and performance requirements differ for radio devices in vehicles, especially regarding electromagnetic compatibility.

ireless connectivity has had such an impact on how we conduct our daily lives. With the wires removed, we are suddenly able to be connected to almost anyone, anywhere and anytime. According to a report released by IDC Research, 3.8 billion Wi‑Fi devices were shipped in 2023.

Over the last few years, the number and complexity of Wi‑Fi standards has grown. The United States (U.S.) opened up the 6 GHz band, while the European Union (EU) opened up about half of the 6 GHz bands for Wi‑Fi 6E and now Wi‑Fi 7. Although the Wi‑Fi 7 standard has yet to be formally adopted, manufacturers have already released Wi‑Fi 7 products. Each new standard offers more: more bandwidth, more data transfer options, and more capability.

However, one of the final steps to introducing new wireless products to the market is regulatory approval. And with each wireless standard, the regulatory requirements get more challenging. Focusing primarily on the U.S. and EU, this article will review the changes introduced by each wireless standard and discuss the measurement challenges in achieving regulatory approval.

his is the second article of a two-article series devoted to the topic of crosstalk between PCB traces. In the first article [1], we varied the circuit topology (the distance between traces and the distance to the ground plane) and investigated its impact on crosstalk, both in time and frequency domains. In this article, we investigate the impact of a guard trace on crosstalk reduction. This topic was previously discussed in [2], where we used an earlier-generation PCB and concentrated on signal integrity or the time domain measurements. This article presents measurements taken with the latest‑generation PCB, both in time and frequency domains. Frequency domain measurements are taken with a near-field scanner using an H-field probe.

Figure 2 shows the details of PCB topology.