
Chinaās GB 31241-2022 Standard
EMC Testing of E-Motor Systems

Chinaās GB 31241-2022 Standard
EMC Testing of E-Motor Systems
solid-state amplifiers


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In a Report and Order, the Commission clarified certain technical details of the degraded throughput methodology used as part of its compatibility analysis of non-geostationary satellite orbit, fixed satellite service (NGSO FSS) licensees. Specifically, the clarification adopts a 3% time-weighted average throughput degradation as a long-term interference protection criterion and a 0.4% absolute increase in link…
Titled āFDA Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence GlossaryāEducational Resource,ā the FDAās glossary includes detailed definitions of more than 50 different terms. Of course, it includes several of the more widely-used terms like āArtificial Intelligence,ā āDigital Twin,ā and the āInternet of Things.ā But the glossary also includes several terms probably known only to those immersed in developing and leveraging the relevant technologies, such as…
ompliance engineering is a critical field that ensures products meet safety, quality, and regulatory standards. Whether youāre just starting your career or looking to enhance your expertise, here are practical steps to become a great compliance engineering professional.
Familiarize yourself with industry standards such as IEC, UL, CSA, FCC, EN, CISPR, ANSI, and ASTM requirements.
ome people aimlessly progress through careers and life, gaining little progress or satisfaction. They are nearly the same place at the end of their careers as they were at the beginning. Lack of progress or satisfaction is most likely caused by not setting clear goals and not knowing how to make smart goals a reality. Once formal education ends, many people invest little time honing and developing new skills. Excuses include not having enough time (we are all busy working 40+ hours per week) or not knowing what to study. If this situation sounds familiar, read on. The solution, the 5-Hour Rule, is a simple concept many successful people use. Benjamin Franklin, one of the United Statesā most famous founding fathers, developed the 5-hour rule, investing roughly one hour a day, five days a week, in deliberate learning. As Franklin once said, āAn investment in knowledge pays the best interest.ā

Do critical component lists change over time as described by the NRTL, or can we reference critical component lists from legacy projects during product development?
How does NRTL design a test plan? Do they refer to standard templates (lists of tests) created by NRTL/IEC for both NRTL/C and CB test reports and integrate the relevant tests as part of their testing criteria?
Thank you for your inquiries regarding Critical Component Lists and NRTL Test Plan Design. Here is a comprehensive response:
Critical Component Lists
Critical component lists can indeed change over time. According to the NRTL guidelines, safety-critical components must have current recognition or listing. This means that while you can reference critical component lists from legacy projects, itās essential to ensure that the components still meet current standards and certifications. Any changes in component specifications or standards may require re-evaluation and updating of the critical component list.
NRTL Test Plan Design
NRTLs design test plans by referring to standard templates and lists of tests created by organizations like IEC and ANSI. These templates provide a comprehensive set of tests that cover various safety standards. The NRTL integrates these relevant tests into their testing criteria to ensure that products meet the necessary safety requirements. The process typically involves an initial engineering review, a findings report, a modifications assessment, and an official conformity assessment.
Do manufacturers have access to standard templates and test procedures created by organizations like IEC and ANSI for preācompliance review?
Yes, manufacturers do have access to standard templates and test procedures created by organizations like the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for pre-compliance review. These organizations provide various resources, including templates, guidelines, and standards that manufacturers can use to ensure their products meet the necessary requirements before undergoing formal compliance testing.
For example, the IEC offers templates for drafting standards and other publications, which can be used to create documentation that aligns with international standards. Similarly, ANSI provides standards and guidelines for various industries, including electrical power equipment and systems, which manufacturers can refer to during the preācompliance review process.

elcome to 2025! Regardless of where you are in your career, your ongoing efforts to refresh or expand your technical knowledge and skills are essential to your continued professional and personal growth and success. So, as the new year begins, weāve once again queried training resources throughout our industry to provide you with an overview of free or affordable solutions to meet your training goals and to help you on your journey to becoming your best self in the new year.
In this article, youāll find sources of compliance-related seminars, workshops, and other types of training, offered live, including both virtual and ināperson options, as well as pre-recorded webinars and onādemand training offerings. Weāve also included a list of industry symposia, conferences, and exhibitions to be held in both the U.S. and around the world.

n Part 1 of this two-part article (see In Compliance Magazine, December 2024), we discussed the challenges involved in designing, building, and debugging a high-power mixed-signal inverter, and examining common application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) that work alongside FETs (field effect transistor) and MCUs, focusing on their roles in interfacing and driving. In Part 2, weāll discuss the importance of choosing the correct PCB stack up during component selection and placement, as well as component and layout mitigation strategies.

ithium-ion cells and batteries produced in or imported into China are now regulated in accordance with Chinaās Compulsory Certification (CCC) system. The China State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) announced CCC requirement for lithium-ion cells and batteries used in portable electronic equipment through Notice No. 10 issued in 2023.1 Effective August 1, 2024, all regulated lithium-ion cells and batteries must be CCC-certified for compliance with the requirements set forth in GB 31241.
GB 31241, āLithium-ion cells and batteries used in portable electronic equipment ā Safety technical specification,ā was originally issued in 2014 and more recently replaced by the 2022 version, GB 31241-2022.2 GB 31241-2022 is not equivalent to any current international standard. However, relevant reference standards include, but are not limited to, IEC 62133-2:2017,3 UN 38.3 (7th Revision),4 and ULĀ 1642:2020.5

lectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing of e-drives and e-axles at the component level per CISPR 25 requires both technical measures and carefully developed implementation strategies to ensure that measurements accurately reflect real-world performance. Given the rising demands on performance classes, particularly for high-power electric axles, these tests require a setup that closely resembles the e-axleās actual in-vehicle installation conditions. Achieving this realistic test setup presents unique challenges, as the scale and complexity of the test object directly impact the design and setup of the test bench.
For realistic testing, it is essential to account for the mechanical and spatial demands of larger e-axle systems. This often necessitates a significantly larger test bench than those typically used for conventional automotive components. Such an expanded setup results in increased metal structures within the test environment, specifically in the anechoic chamber. This added metal can influence the electromagnetic field distribution, potentially introducing reflections and resonances that affect measurement accuracy. Thus, ensuring that metallic elements do not interfere with the EMC results is a primary concern in the test bench design.
ach year, the January issue of In Compliance Magazine addresses EMC education. It is only fitting that this month āEMC Concepts Explainedā [1] is also devoted to the topic of EMC education. Specifically, this column will describe a unique collaboration between academia and industry at Grand Valley State University (GVSU).
The EMC Center, located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on the GVSU engineering campus, is an intersection between academia and industry that brings decades of EMC & High-Speed industry expertise, tools, and capabilities to the classroom and the student experience. E3 Compliance is an independently funded industrial group and a tenant within the GVSU Innovation & Design Center (IDC). They provide engineering students with industry experience in EMC & High-Speed electronic product development.
This unique collaboration between GVSU and E3 provides opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students to work on cutting-edge electronics technology in multiple industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical, defense, consumer, commercial and industrial.




In Product Insights, Don MacArthur dives deep into practical EMI mitigation challenges, offering solutions for capacitor behavior, ferrite selection, differential probes, and more to optimize designs and advance engineering careers.
Ken Wyattās EMC Bench Notes helps engineers identify and resolve EMC issues early in the design cycle using in-house pre-compliance testing tools, enhancing troubleshooting skills and reducing costly testing failures.
Patrick Andreās Military and Aerospace EMC shares valuable insights into EMC challenges in high-stakes environments like defense, aerospace, and military systems, offering engineers practical solutions and expertise.
Karen Burnhamās Standards Practice explores immunity standards and advanced testing methods, helping engineers navigate compliance challenges in industries like defense, aerospace, and automotive with techniques like reverberation chamber testing.
Kimball Williamsā Signals and Solutions connects the foundational techniques of amateur radio, such as Morse code, to modern EMC engineering, offering fresh perspectives on troubleshooting, testing, and innovation.
https://incompliancemag.com/expert-insights

o continue Mooreās law, transistor scaling needs to be enabled by geometry innovations. From the 22nm node, bulk FinFET, a multi-gate transistor built on a silicon substrate, has replaced planar FET and become mainstream for mobile SoC applications [1-3]. Beyond the 3nm nodes, bulk gate-all-around (GAA) technology has emerged as a promising transistor architecture, offering superior electrostatic and leakage control [4-8]. Vertically stacked horizontal nanosheets (NS) further enhance driving current per layout footprint [8-11]. CMOS technology scaling will no longer be limited at the transistor level to continue the roadmap further.
New scaling options in considerations of technology co-optimization (DTCO) and system-technology co-optimization (STCO) are being explored to achieve more tailored chip and enhanced system performance, such as a backside power delivery network (BS-PDN). This article examines the impact of double-sided connectivity with BS-PDN on ESD reliability.

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