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Energy Release Quantification for
Li-Ion Battery Failures
PLUS
Tailoring Safety Into Audio Frequency Power-Line Susceptibility Testing

South Korea Standard KS C 9814-1:2022

Health Monitoring and Prediction of Cells in a Battery Module or Pack Under Operating Condition

Li-Ion batteries
PLUS
Tailoring Safety Into Audio Frequency Power-Line Susceptibility Testing

South Korea Standard KS C 9814-1:2022

Health Monitoring and Prediction of Cells in a Battery Module or Pack Under Operating Condition

November 2022
Solid-State Amplifier Selection Tips
for EMC Testing
Investigate the following parameters when selecting a solid-state amplifier for EMC testing:
Class of Operation
Class A solid state amplifiers are the preferred technology for EMC RI and CI testing. They are favored for repeatability of test results compared to Class AB and other types. Verify that the Class A amplifier can tolerate load mismatches and simultaneously remain operational, without amplifier damage, foldback or shutdown.
Rated Output Power
Compare actual production power curve test results, and avoid assuming rated power based on model date sheet specifications.
Linearity & Harmonic Distortion
For repeatability of test results, seek amplifiers with good linearity and low harmonic distortion. Linearity should be less than ±1 dB (subject to your application) and harmonics are preferred below 18 dBc.
Built to Last
Modulation (AM, FM, PM) Performance
Modulation of CW signal is required by RI and CI test standards. Confirm that an amplifier can reproduce modulation satisfactorily to your unique application requirements.
To know more, talk to an AR applications engineer at 800.933.8181. AR offers over 100 amplifier models ranging from 10 kHz – 50 GHz with power levels of 1 W – 100 kW to meet your unique requirements. And as with all amplifiers from AR, these are Built to Last

Also visit us at www.arworld.us.

Built to Last
AR logo
AR logo
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We’re with you all the way
ar rf/microwave instrumentation - ar modular rf - sunar - ar europe
November 2022
Volume 14 l Number 11
Contents
By Francesco Colella, Sergio Mendoza, Michael Barry, Artyom Kossolapov, Ryan Spray, and Timothy Myers
The growing application of lithium-ion batteries brings with it an increased risk of unanticipated energy releases and thermal runaway. Quantifying battery energy release characteristics during product design can help mitigate those risks.
By Ken Javor
Solar Electronics founder Al Parker used to say about EMI testing, “There’s more than one way to skin a cat.” Here are a couple more.
By Grace Lin
This article addresses the latest changes to the KS C 9814-1 (and CISPR 14-1) standard.
By Benjamin Chen
The state of health of cells in a battery pack under operating condition is difficult to obtain through existing IEC and ISO standard methods under laboratory conditions. However, a cell state of health (SOH) profile shall be able to establish by the comparison of electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS) generated statically versus dynamic operating data retrieved by battery management system (BMS) communication interface as fragments of EIS.
Li-Ion batteries
EMI testing monitor
digital map of South Korea
digital car symbol on top of a solar panel that's on fire
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In Compliance Magazine
ISSN 1948-8254 (print)
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senior contributors
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Leonard Eisner
Leo@EisnerSafety.com
Daryl Gerke
dgerke@emiguru.com

columns contributors
EMC Concepts Explained
Bogdan Adamczyk
adamczyb@gvsu.edu

Hot Topics in ESD
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compliance news

EU Commission Updates Standards for ATEX Directive

The Commission of the European Union (EU) has published an updated list of harmonized standards that can be used to demonstrate conformity with the essential requirements of its directive concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (2014/34/EU), also known as the ATEX Directive…

FCC Expands List of Communications Equipment That Poses National Security Threat

The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has moved to expand the list of communications equipment and services that pose a potential threat to U.S. national security.

According to a Public Notice issued by the FCC’s Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau…

Dilbert comic strip
DILBERT © 2022 Scott Adams. Used By permission of ANDREWS MCMEEL SYNDICATION. All rights reserved.
Feature Article
Energy Release Quantification for Li-Ion Battery Failures
Evaluation and Testing Can Reduce Battery-Related Safety Risks
By Francesco Colella, Sergio Mendoza, Michael Barry, Artyom Kossolapov, Ryan Spray, and Timothy Myers
li-ion batteries
T

his article presents an experimental framework to characterize the energy released during thermal runaway events involving Li-ion cells and battery packs used in applications ranging from electric vehicles to consumer electronics and medical devices to aerospace applications. A brief introduction to lithium-ion batteries and battery thermal runaway is provided. The article then describes various methods for obtaining energy release in cells undergoing thermal runaway.

The first method involves testing a cell inside a sealed pressure vessel, which allows for the estimation of the volume of gas produced as a result of thermal runaway and a quantitative assessment of the vent gas composition. This technique is generally used to assess the flammability hazards associated with thermal runaway. The second method described is oxygen consumption calorimetry. This technique provides an estimation of the heat released by a cell undergoing thermal runaway via chemical analysis (i.e., how much oxygen has been consumed and the associated heat release).

Feature Article
Tech Tip: Tailoring Safety into Audio Frequency Power-Line Susceptibility Testing
Some Safer Ways to Conduct Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility Testing
By Ken Javor
Tailoring Safety into Audio Frequency Power-Line Susceptibility Testing
Note: This technical tip assumes a basic familiarity with the injection of audio frequency ripple on equipment input electrical power in accordance with such standards as MIL-STD-461 CS01/ CS101, RTCA/DO-160 section 18, and ISO 11452-10 (preceded by SAE J 1113/2) (References 1-8).

T

his technical tip presents safer ways of performing audio frequency conducted susceptibility testing than the standard approach described in References 1-8. “Safer” here means reducing the probability of accidentally damaging the test article, either by over-testing, or by inducing instability in the test article’s internal switched mode power supply, or by causing a shutdown of the audio amplifier resulting in possible instability in the test article internal switched mode power supply.

These are always important considerations, but especially so when the test article is a one-of-a-kind item whose delivery is on the program schedule critical path. Finally, the stability issue is most pronounced when the test article runs off a dc bus, because dc/dc converters tend to have much smaller hold-up capacitors out front than if the cap providing the hold-up function also has to smooth out ripple from a 50/60/400 Hz ac bus.

Featured Article
South Korea KS C 9814-1:2022 Standard
Comparison Between KS C 9814-1:2020 and KS C 9814-1:2022
By Grace Lin
digital map of South Korea
O

n May 31, 2022, South Korea’s National Radio Research Agency issued Announcement No. 2022-40 stipulating that KS C 9814-1:2022, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus — Part 1: Emission, is the latest edition of South Korean emission product standard for household appliances, electric tools, and similar apparatus. KS C 9814-1:2022 is a modified version of CISPR 14-1:2020 Edition 7.0. Significant changes have been made with respect to the previous edition, KS C 9814-1:2020 (CISPR 14-1:2016). This article addresses emission requirements specified in the KS C 9814-1:2022 standard, focusing on the latest changes and deviations from the CISPR 14-1:2020 standard.

Feature Article
Health Monitoring and Prediction of Cells in a Battery Module or Pack Under Operating Condition
A Nondestructive and Cost-Effective Approach
By Benjamin Ken
Health Monitoring and Prediction of Cells in a Battery Module or Pack Under Operating Condition

Editor’s Note: The paper on which this article is based was originally presented at the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering – Asia (ISPCE-ASIA), held in Taipei, Taiwan in November/December 2021. It is reprinted here with the gracious permission of the IEEE. Copyright 2021, IEEE.

Introduction

Following the growth in the fire incidents of electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) after years of operation, the health monitoring system of EVs and ESSs are still a concerned topic. While it is relatively easy to measure health condition of a cell under static condition, the health condition measurement over cell packed into a system and under operating condition is rather difficult or time consuming with static measurement methodologies.

However, the deterioration of one cell in a series block will reduce the performance of the whole block, and the deterioration will lead to economic concerns like life span depreciation or mileage cost, so it is very important to develop a health monitoring system without the interruption of actual operation and disassembly of battery pack into modules and cells.

EMC concepts explained
Shunt Inductive Discontinuity along the Transmission Line and Transmission Lines in Parallel
By Bogdan Adamczyk
T

his article discusses the impact of a shunt inductive discontinuity along the line as well as the effect of feeding two transmission lines in parallel. The analytical results are verified through the HyperLynx simulations and laboratory measurements.

1.1 Reflections at the Shunt Inductive Discontinuity – Analysis
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 1.1, where the transmission line of length l has a shunt inductive discontinuity in the middle of the line at a location z = d.
Shunt inductive discontinuity along a transmission line
Figure 1.1: Shunt inductive discontinuity along a transmission line
Note that the transmission line is matched at the source and at the load; it is also assumed that the initial current through the inductor is zero, iL (0 = 0).

hot topics in ESD

Commercial Versus Automotive ESD Integrated Circuit Qualification
Part 2

By Robert Ashton for EOS/ESD Association, Inc.
Introduction
This is Part 2 of an article describing the difference between the electrostatic discharge (ESD) qualification requirements for automotive and standard commercial integrated circuits. Part 1 of the article, in last month’s issue of In Compliance, described why it is reasonable for automotive products to have higher qualification requirements, describes the documents that specify the requirements for commercial and automotive integrated circuit qualification and the high-level differences between ESD qualification for automotive and commercial integrated circuits. Part 2 describes the additional requirements for automotive ESD testing for human body model (HBM) and charged device model (CDM).

(This article had its origin in a series of blog posts on ESD testing available at http://www.srftechnologies.com/ESD-RESOURCES.html.)

Note: This article will summarize the differences between automotive and commercial ESD testing of integrated circuits but should not be used as a substitute for a thorough reading of the actual test methods.

HBM
HBM testing is specified by ANSI/JEDEC/ESD JS-001 [1] with additional requirements specified in AEC–Q100-002 REV-E [2]. This section summarizes the additional requirements for automotive HBM testing.
on your mark
Product Liability and Your Safety Labels
By Erin Earley
P

roduct safety labels are an important part of keeping users safe and reducing liability risk. There are two main standards for safety labels that are key to creating effective warnings that accurately communicate hazard information: ANSI Z535.4 domestically and ISO 3864-2 internationally. The current versions of these standards allow manufacturers to use different label format options: symbol-only, symbol and text, text-only ANSI, wordless, and multilingual. Deciding the best fit for your intended audience isn’t always easy. It helps to understand the product liability and legal landscape. For perspective, we turned to Cal Burnton, a trial attorney with 30 years of experience in product/machinery safety, product liability, and complex litigation. Read our interview below for context on the importance of adequate labels and insight on formatting options, including the increasing trend toward labels that rely mainly or exclusively on symbols.

When it comes to today’s product liability lawsuits, how important are warnings and product safety labels?
Warnings and safety labels, along with the manual, should be the most important pieces of evidence in any product liability lawsuit. Exhibit number one should be the warning which, had it been followed, would have prevented the accident. The warnings and labels also put forth a picture of the manufacturer’s culture for safety; it’s a reflection of the company’s concern for the safety of the user. Ultimately the manufacturer wants to be able to show it provided the user with everything necessary to safely use the product. Warnings and instructions give the company the tools it needs to successfully defend a case.
404
Household heaters turned on spuriously by interference

The Japanese National Institute of Technology and Evaluation has announced that they have confirmed that some of the household electrical heaters available in Japan malfunction when subjected to electrical disturbances. They conducted the evaluation as a response to the information from consumers that electrical heaters sometimes turned themselves on…

405
The EM environment in space 200 nautical miles up

The levels of electromagnetic fields that illuminate a satellite, that originate from earth-based sources, now exceed hundreds of volts per meter (V/m). It is pointed out that the electronic circuitry will have to survive these fields and remain operational as well…

406
Interference problems with the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

Because of the selected science experiments, the RF communications link, and the limited space for these elements, the MRO spacecraft had greater than usual EMC considerations. Added to that, the late delivery of some of the hardware prevented early identification and resolution of EMC problems. The problems as identified during…

407
Power quality problems easily solved at bulk mail centre

The New Jersey International & Bulk Mail Center (NJI-BMC), one of the largest United States postal facilities, recently faced a dilemma regarding its six aging 300kVAR capacitor banks in its three load centers. Initially, we explored the possibility of replacing all capacitor banks on the system, because one of the cans overheated and subsequently failed…

408
Interference problems with lifts (elevators)

Russ O’Toole, chasing overheating in a Class D power, amp hung a scope on the output and found several volts in the MHz range. Not surprisingly, it was wiping out much of the AM broadcast band (MW to our European members). The manufacturer didn’t think it was a problem. The FCC did, and shut them down.

(From Jim Brown, on the SC-05-05 mailing list, 7 Dec 2006 15:27:43.)

409
Rescue robots lose contact due to interference with wireless comms

Plans to send robots equipped with cameras and other sensors into dangerous environments such as burning buildings ahead of human rescue teams could be heading for trouble. More than two-thirds of systems involved in a large-scale trial in the US lost contact with their operators due to radio interference…

410
ESD interferes with Japanese lifts

On a recent visit to Japan, Dave Imeson, secretary of the very successful and influential EMC Test Laboratories Association, was intrigued to find an electrostatic discharge plate installed near every lift button, with instructions to touch the plate to discharge any electrostatic charge before pressing the button to call the lift.

(Conversation during a break in the IET’s “EMC and Functional Safety” Working Group meeting on 9th March 2007, London U.K.)

Upcoming Events
November 1-4
Applying Practical EMI Design & Troubleshooting Techniques

Advanced Printed Circuit Board Design for EMC + SI

Mechanical Design for EMC

November 7-11
EMC Week
Due to COVID-19 concerns, events may be postponed. Please check the event website for current information.
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