According to a Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture issued by the Commission, Sound Around, an online seller of audio and video electronics and accessories, marketed 33 unauthorized, non-compliant radio frequency devices through its website. The company also reportedly failed to comply with repeated requests from the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau to cease its marketing of the non-compliant devices…

n today’s world, satellites play a critical role in providing communication, navigation, and surveillance services to the defense and aerospace industries. However, with the increasing sophistication of electronic warfare and cyberattacks, these satellites have become vulnerable to a wide range of threats. Therefore, to ensure the integrity and effectiveness of satellite systems, it is essential to develop and implement effective electronic warfare and cyber defense strategies.

This article explores the various test methods and techniques used to protect satellites from electronic warfare and cyberattacks. We will discuss the types of threats that satellites face and the challenges associated with testing for electronic warfare and cyber defense. We will also provide case studies of successful testing and protection of satellites against such attacks. Finally, we will explore future developments and research directions in this field.

mong the 44 recitals in the EU’s Ecodesign Framework Directive [1] is an assertion that the consideration of the environmental impact of an energy-related product [2] throughout its whole life cycle “has a high potential to facilitate improved environmental performance in a cost-effective way, including in terms of resource and material efficiency.”

However, the Framework Directive does not define what it means by “resource and material efficiency,” nor is this discussed in the European Commission’s Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on the Ecodesign Directive and its Implementing Regulations. [3]

Nevertheless, resource efficiency requirements are now getting written into EU ecodesign implementing measures. [4] For instance, the 2019 Refrigerating Appliance Ecodesign Regulation [5] specifies several resource efficiency requirements. Among these requirements are provisions for refrigerating appliance manufacturers, their authorized representatives, or importers to ensure the availability of spare parts as well as to offer access to repair and maintenance information.

he recent news is replete with stories about product recalls being undertaken because of safety issues. In addition, there have been a number of recent jury verdicts based on injuries or deaths caused by a product that has been recalled, should have been recalled, or is in the process of being recalled. Needless to say, recalls can have a significant adverse effect on a manufacturer’s or product seller’s reputation, financial condition, relationship with retailers, and the ability to successfully defend a product liability case.

The law makes it easy for an injured party to claim that a recall was inadequate and that this inadequacy contributed to their injury. In addition, government entities in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to demand that companies do more things that should make their recalls more effective.

This article will discuss the law concerning recalls and recent government efforts to improve the effectiveness of such actions.

his column describes the operation of an ideal difference amplifier. First, the input-output relationship for the generic input voltages is derived. Subsequently, the differential mode and common mode voltages are introduced. Then, the difference amplifier driven by the common mode and differential mode input voltages is analyzed. It is shown that an ideal difference amplifier (with no resistance mismatches) eliminates the common mode portion of the input voltage and amplifies only the differential mode portion of the input voltage.

he Charged Device Model (CDM) qualification level is essentially correlated to the peak ESD discharge current [1]. Hence, several modeling approaches have been proposed to predict CDM peak current for a given package and CDM voltage level based on lumped-element equivalent circuits [2, 3]. However, the behavior of ultra-high-speed interfaces is more complex, involving fast rise time waveforms and on-die transient phenomena that cause device failure at lower CDM levels [4]. Distributed parasitics models of both on-chip circuitry and package wiring are required to capture such phenomena properly.

• Ground plane to field plate capacitor CFG, including the chassis contribution (separated in more complex 5-capacitor models [3]).

olving EMI problems isn’t only about ensuring that a product can meet EMC regulations and standards (although it’s a significant part of the job). Another crucial reason for addressing EMI issues is to enhance product reliability, especially when a product operates in public or industrial areas where there are many different types of noise sources.

European and international immunity standards are based on typical operating environments and statistical data. Meeting these standards should be considered the minimum requirement for reliable equipment operation in the real world, given the increasing electromagnetic interference levels.

A product that incorporates EMC considerations from the beginning may not necessarily perform better, but its immunity to interference will improve its reliability in the field and make installation easier. This also leads to fewer service calls, particularly those troublesome “no fault found” cases that consume valuable time. It also reduces warranty costs and enhances customer perception, resulting in increased repeat business.